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hun and po
''Hun'' () and ''po'' () are types of souls in Chinese philosophy and traditional religion. Within this ancient soul dualism tradition, every living human has both a ''hun'' spiritual, ethereal, yang soul which leaves the body after death, and also a ''po'' corporeal, substantive, yin soul which remains with the corpse of the deceased. Some controversy exists over the number of souls in a person; for instance, one of the traditions within Daoism proposes a soul structure of ''sanhunqipo'' 三魂七魄; that is, "three ''hun'' and seven ''po''". The historian Yü Ying-shih describes ''hun'' and ''po'' as "two pivotal concepts that have been, and remain today, the key to understanding Chinese views of the human soul and the afterlife."〔Yü, 363〕
==Characters==
The Chinese characters 魂 and 魄 for ''hun'' and ''po'' typify the most common character classification of "radical-phonetic" or "phono-semantic" graphs, which combine a "radical" or "signific" (recurring graphic elements that roughly provide semantic information) with a "phonetic" (suggesting ancient pronunciation). ''Hun'' 魂 (or 䰟) and ''po'' 魄 have the "ghost radical" ''gui'' 鬼 "ghost; devil" and phonetics of ''yun'' 云 "cloud; cloudy" and ''bai'' 白 "white; clear; pure".
Besides the common meaning of "a soul", ''po'' 魄 was a variant Chinese character for ''po'' 霸 "a lunar phase" and ''po'' 粕 "dregs". The ''Shujing'' "Book of History" used ''po'' 魄 as a graphic variant for ''po'' 霸 "dark aspect of the moon" – this character usually means ''ba'' 霸 "overlord; hegemon". For example, "On the third month, when (the growth phase, 生魄) of the moon began to wane, the duke of Chow (Duke of Zhou ) commenced the foundations, and proceeded to build the new great city of Lǒ" (tr. Legge 1865:434). The ''Zhuangzi'' "(of ) Master Zhuang" wrote ''zaopo'' 糟粕 (lit. "rotten dregs") "worthless; unwanted; waste matter" with a ''po'' 魄 variant. A wheelwright sees Duke Huan of Qi with books by dead sages and says, "what you are reading there is nothing but the () chaff and dregs of the men of old!" (tr. Watson 1968:152).
In the history of Chinese writing, characters for ''po'' 魄/霸 "lunar brightness" appeared before those for ''hun'' 魂 "soul; spirit". The spiritual ''hun'' 魂 and ''po'' 魄 "dual souls" are first recorded in Warring States period (475–221 BCE) Seal Script characters. The lunar ''po'' 魄 or 霸 "moon's brightness" appears in both Zhou Dynasty (1045–256 BCE) Bronzeware script and Oracle bone script, but not in Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BCE) oracle inscriptions. The earliest form of this "lunar brightness" character was found on a (ca. 11th century BCE) Zhou oracle bone inscription (Yü 1987:370).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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